“our moral reasoning is plagued by two illusions. The first illusion can be called the wag-the-dog illusion: We believe that our own moral judgment (the dog) is driven by our own moral reasoning (the tail). The second illusion can be called the wag-theother-dog's-tail illusion: In a moral argument, we expect the successful rebuttal of an opponent's arguments to change the opponent's mind. Such a belief is like thinking that forcing a dog's tail to wag by moving it with your hand will make the dog happy.”

American neuroscientist, philosopher, author, and podcast host

Samuel Benjamin Harris is an American neuroscientist, philosopher, author, and podcast host. He became widely known for his criticism of religion and is often grouped with Richard Dawkins, Christopher Hitchens, and Daniel Dennett as one of the "Four Horsemen" of New Atheism. His work ranges across rationality, ethics, free will, determinism, neuroscience, meditation, psychedelics, philosophy of mind, politics, terrorism, and artificial intelligence. Much of his public writing and speaking returns to questions about how people think, what they believe, and how reason should shape public life.