“During the 19th century, Britain fought two wars in unsuccessful attempts to subjugate the Afghans. When Britain finally drew a border between India and Afghanistan in 1893, Pashtun tribes in southern Afghanistan were cut off from related tribes across the border in what was then India and is now Pakistan.”

American author, historian, and journalist

Stephen Kinzer is an American author, historian, and journalist. He is known for his work as a correspondent for The New York Times and for his writing across books, newspapers, and news agencies. Kinzer has published several books and continues to write for a range of outlets. His work reflects the concerns of a journalist and historian, with a focus shaped by reporting, analysis, and long-form commentary.