“Later, in 1830, Carnot appreciated that his comparison of... the waterwheel was not exact, and that some heat was converted into mechanical energy... Thereupon he abandoned the {{w|caloric theory}} and adopted the view that heat was... motions of the particles of bodies, heat and mechanical energy being interconvertible... Carnot died... 1832, and his later views... were not published until 1878.”

French military engineer and physicist

Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot, known as Sadi Carnot, was a French military engineer and physicist. He was active in the early 19th century and is remembered for his work on the science of heat. A graduate of the École polytechnique, he served as an officer in the Engineering Arm of the French Army while also pursuing scientific study. In June 1824, he published Reflections on the Motive Power of Fire, his only book, where he set out the first successful theory of the maximum efficiency of heat engines.