“Causes: As important a fact as any individual cause on earth is the vital incapacity of the human individual to distinguish between genuine cause and one which is foisted upon him by pressure, environment, propaganda, conditioning.If people had the sense they pretend to have, they would seek this fundamental distinction perceptible.Hardly anyone makes this effort. This is partly because it is an invisible but powerful part of their culture to teach that conditioned emotionality and ‘causes’ whose necessity, urgency or rightness is only conditioned into them, are necessarily, right.”

Afghan author, thinker, and teacher, 20th century

Idries Shah, also known as Idris Shah and Indries Shah, was an Afghan author, thinker, and teacher in the Sufi tradition. He wrote in the 20th century and used the pen name Arkon Daraul. He is remembered for work that brought together Sufi teaching, psychology, spirituality, travel writing, and cultural studies. Shah wrote more than three dozen books across those fields, moving between reflective, practical, and exploratory subjects. His work often connects inner life with broader questions of culture and belief, which is why he is read both as a spiritual writer and as an interpreter of ideas and traditions.