“In the end idealism annoyed Bouvard. ‘I don’t want any more of it: the famous cogito is a bore. The ideas of things are taken for the things themselves. What we barely understand is explained by means of words that we do not understand at all! Substance, extension, force, matter and soul, are all so many abstractions, figments of the imagination. As for God, it is impossible to know how he is, or even if he is! Once he was the cause of wind, thunder, revolutions. Now he is getting smaller. Besides, I don’t see what use he is.”

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About Gustave Flaubert

French novelist and critic of the 19th century, Flaubert is best known for his meticulous craftsmanship and literary realism, exemplified by masterpieces like *Madame Bovary*. His relentless pursuit of perfection in prose and his sharp critiques of societal hypocrisy remain influential in modern writing.

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