“To build a robust, knowledge-driven approach to AI we must have the machinery of symbol-manipulation in our toolkit. Too much of useful knowledge is abstract to make do without tools that represent and manipulate abstraction, and to date, the only machinery that we know of that can manipulate such abstract knowledge reliably is the apparatus of symbol manipulation.”

American psychologist, cognitive scientist, and author

Gary Fred Marcus is an American psychologist, cognitive scientist, and author. He is known for research at the intersection of cognitive psychology, neuroscience, and artificial intelligence. His work focuses on how the mind works and on the limits and possibilities of AI. He writes and speaks about the relationship between human cognition and machine intelligence, bringing together ideas from psychology and neuroscience.