“The real frontier is making these hybrid systems where you expand the capabilities of biology with chemistry.”

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Meaning

The quote suggests that the next major challenge is combining biology and chemistry in practical ways. It frames hybrid systems as a way to extend what living systems can do by adding chemical tools and methods.

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Historical Context

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Original Language & Translation

Originally said in English.

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About Frances Arnold

American chemical engineer, Nobel laureate

Frances Hamilton Arnold is an American chemical engineer and Nobel laureate. She is the Linus Pauling Professor of Chemical Engineering, Bioengineering and Biochemistry at the California Institute of Technology. She won the 2018 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for pioneering the use of directed evolution to engineer enzymes. Her work has helped shape modern protein engineering, and her public remarks often reflect the practical and scientific value of experimentation, design, and discovery.

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