“Indeed, the existence of class, of social hierarchy, is as old as man himself. It prevails in the jungle where strength determines hierarchy; among men, it has also been savagely the same, whereby rulers vested with power through personal combat, or through lineal heritage as in the case of royalty, ravage their subjects.”

Filipino writer

Francisco Sionil José was a Filipino writer, born in 1924 and died in 2022. He was widely read in English and was named a National Artist of the Philippines for Literature in 2001. His novels and short stories examine the social roots of class conflict and colonialism in Filipino society. Written in English, his work was translated into 28 languages, and he was often spoken of as a leading Filipino contender for the Nobel Prize in Literature.