“Monetary policy has less room to maneuver when interest rates are close to zero, while expansionary fiscal policy is likely both more effective and less costly in terms of increased debt burden when interest rates are pinned at low levels.”

American economist and former Federal Reserve Chair (2006–2014), Bernanke’s career spans academia and central banking. His work on the Great Depression and his leadership during the 2008 financial crisis shaped modern monetary policy. He is widely recognized for his analysis of economic crises and his efforts to stabilize the U.S. economy.