“After experience had taught me that all the usual surroundings of social life are vain and futile; seeing that none of the objects of my fears contained in themselves anything either good or bad, except in so far as the mind is affected by them, I finally resolved to inquire whether there might be some real good having power to communicate itself, which would affect the mind singly, to the exclusion of all else: whether, in fact, there might be anything of which the discovery and attainment would enable me to enjoy continuous, supreme, and unending happiness.”

Dutch Republic philosopher of Portuguese-Jewish origin, 17th century

Baruch Spinoza, also known by the Latin name Benedictus de Spinoza, was a Dutch Republic philosopher of Portuguese-Jewish origin who lived in the 17th century. He is known as a forerunner of the Enlightenment and as one of the most important and radical thinkers of the early modern period. Spinoza helped shape modern biblical criticism, 17th-century rationalism, and Dutch intellectual culture. His thought was influenced by Stoicism, Thomas Hobbes, René Descartes, and heterodox Christians, and he became a leading philosopher of the Dutch Golden Age.