Muhammad ibn Qasim

“Of the prisoners captured a selection was made from the slaves and other spoils, “in order to detach the usual one-fifth share of the State. The number of the selected slaves came to about 20,000. The rest were distributed among the troops.””

“The forts of Siwistan and Sisam have been already taken. The nephew of Dahir, his warriors, and principal officers have been despatched, and the infidels converted to Islam or destroyed. Instead of idol temples, mosques and other places of worship have been built, pulpits have been erected, the Khutba is read, the call to prayers is raised, so that devotions are performed at the stated hours. The takbir and praise to the Almighty Allah are offered every morning and evening.”

“It is acknowledged that all your procedures have been in accordance with religious law (bar jādah-yi shar‘) except for the one practice of giving amān. For you are giving amān to everyone without distinguishing between friend and foe.”

“I am appalled by your bad judgement and astounded by your policies. Why are you so intent on giving amān, even to an enemy whom you have tested and found hostile and intransigent? It is not necessary to give amān to everyone without discrimination. … In any case, if [the Sindis] sincerely request amān and desist from treachery, they will surely stop fighting. Then income will meet expenditures and this long situation can be concluded.”

“My ruling is given: Kill anyone belonging to the combatants (ahl-i-ḥarb); arrest their sons and daughters for hostages and imprison them. Whoever submits … grant them amān and settle their tribute (amwāl) as dhimmah.”

“[The general religious policy of Muḥammad b. al‑Qāsim is noted by al‑Balāḏurī:]He conquered the city by treaty (ṣulḥ) with the condition that he would not kill them nor enter their temple (budd). And he said: ‘The budd will be considered similar to the churches of the Christians and Jews and the fire-temples of the Zoroastrians (maǧūs)’. He imposed the tribute (ḫarāǧ) on those in al‑Rūr and built a mosque.”